The word plumbing can also be used to describe the various fixtures and pipes installed for the purposes of bringing clean water into the house and, in turn, removing waste water from the house. The term is reserved, however, for classifying the pipes and fixtures in a single home or building and would therefore not include any attached sewage or water lines that are designed to serve multiple locations.

Plumbing History – Ancient Times

In order to fully understand the history of plumbing as we know it today, one must trace the origins back to Ancient times.

Babylon

In the time period between 6,000 B.C. and 3,000 B.C., Western civilization as we know it was being formed in the lands of Babylon. It was a lush land, full of rich crops and several practices that would go on to create the basis for modern plumbing.

Babylonians stored their personal water supplies in large clay jars or pots, built by the locals and filled from the nearby river. Bathrooms consisted of holes cut into the floor that emptied into local cesspools and the act of bathing was often done in the rivers and canals for the lower class. Upper class households, on the other hand, often had private bath areas where servants would pour water over their masters’ heads in the first known recorded incident of showering. These wealthy homes also developed seats that were placed over the cesspool access to allow for a greater comfort level, establishing the foundation for the creation of toilets as we know them today.

Drains also originated during this period and were often comprised on clay pots which had either had their bottom portion removed, or had small holes punched into their bottoms. They were, in turn, placed over various holes in the floor that either led directly to the river, or emptied out into the streets.

Early plumbers during this period worked most often with clay and straw that had been combined to form a malleable material that would dry to become fairly durable. Eventually, items such as copper, lead, and bronze were available for use as well. A thick liquid that dried into a solid, commonly known as antimony, was used to patch holes in early plumbing fixtures or canal walls, as needed.

Crete

The next civilization to make significant contributions to modern plumbing was Crete. Between 3,000 B.C. and 1,500 B.C., significant advances were made in the areas of bathing and sewage handling. The Minoan capital of Knossos was home to many of these innovations.

Crete is also believed to be home to one of the first formal bathtubs. Made from clay and then painted, the tub resided in the queen’s bathroom and was surrounded by statues and large wall reliefs and frescoes. While the size and shape of the tub closely resembles modern fixtures, there was no drainage capacity and it had to be filled and emptied by hand. The waste water was emptied into an opening in the bathroom floor which did connect directly to the main waste lines.

Crete was also home to one of the first known ‘flushing’ toilets. Known as water closets at the time, they relied on stores of rain water or river water that were collected and used to force waste water down into the sewers, replacing the discarded water with a fresher supply. The earthquake that hit in 1,400 B.C. damaged or destroyed many of these examples of ancient plumbing techniques, as the city of Knossos was leveled.

Egypt

It really is no surprise that early Egypt contributed a great deal to the history and modernization of plumbing. While Crete was becoming renowned for their use of bath tubs and complex sewage systems, Egypt was concentrating on advancing drain and pipe technology, along with attempting to finally harness the power of the Nile.

Egyptians were some of the first to rely on deep wells to access clean water supplies deep underground. Often times, these wells were dug through solid rock, quite an accomplishment given the more primitive tools of the time. The Well of Joseph is one of the most remarkable examples of this technique.

Egypt was also one of the first civilizations to begin incorporating metals, such as copper, lead, brass, and bronze, into their plumbing as more than just accent materials. Examples of both lead and bronze drains have been found during numerous archaeological digs. Copper and brass pipes were also found in many areas, replacing the traditional clay pipes being used in the rest of the world at the time.

Elsewhere

Greece was home to some beautiful tiled bathrooms, as well as some of the first self draining bathtubs. These tubs were often very ornate and ceremonial in nature, typically made from fine stone such as marble or granite. While baths and showers were typically done with room temperature or slightly cooled water in other parts of the world, the Greeks relied heavily on hot and cold water for bathing purposes. Hot baths, however, were often reserved for the females and the upper class males.

Jerusalem was known for their innovation with sewer systems. Since cleanliness was such a strong part of their religious beliefs, it was very important to always have sources of clean water to bathe and wash in. In order to accomplish this task, they built separate plumbing systems and aqueducts to bring clean water in and then dispose of wastewater afterwards. Jerusalem was also the first to explore the concept of reclaimed water, any water that was disposed of would have its solid waste separated from its liquid waste. The solid waste was used as a fertilizer on the crops, and the liquid was, in turn, used to water the harvest.

Pompeii went down in history for the many examples of lead bathroom fixtures, such as ornate bathtubs and sinks. The composition of the items, thankfully, allowed them to survive the great eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

Plumbing History – Developments In Toilet Design

While it seemed that bathtubs, sinks, and drains had all been fairly well developed, there was still one basic plumbing fixture that still needed a lot of work before it was up to par with modern standards. A true flushing toilet was found in Crete during an archaeological dig. The ruins under which it was piled, however, delayed its discovery for many years, leaving the technology and design buried along with it. For the rest of the world, it was back to square one. The development of the toilet as we know it today is definitely an interesting timeline. In fact, it took until the 19th century for the next true flushing toilet to be completed.

Sir John Harrington designed the plans for a flushing toilet in the late 1500s. The unit relied on running water to flush away debris and a valve at the base of the toilet to control the flushing itself. Since running water was extremely limited at the time though, his invention remained fairly stagnant. In 1775, Alexander Cumming developed the S shaped toilet base that many are familiar with today. This trap eliminated the need for a valve and used water levels to determine when water flow should be stopped or started. Two years later, Samuel Prosser created the plunger component for the toilet, allowing waste to be disposed of and sealed off to prevent the odor from re-entering the room. The use of valves returned in 1778 when Joseph Bramah created the first hinged valve and float valve to further improve toilet operation.

JG Jennings went down in history as the first to introduce the toilet to the public on a large scale. After making improvements of his own, he placed a number of his flushing toilets on display at the Great Exhibition of 1851. The units were installed in the Crystal Palace and allowed attendees to try them for a nominal fee. Nearly 900,000 participants got the chance to use Jennings’ design at that event.
In the 1880s, the siphoning system was invented, designed to empty the toilet’s cistern for more effective flushing. These modifications were made by Thomas Crapper. While it is a common misbelief that Crapper invented the toilet himself, as you can see from the names and accomplishments that came before him, he merely helped to improve on the basic design.

Plumbing History – Developments In Shower Design

While there were many examples of showers during ancient times, they were all very similar in the fact that they were composed of small quarters the bather would stand in while a slave or servant proceeded to pour large buckets or jars of water over their head. Needless to say, that is far from the concept of a shower as we know it today.

One of the earliest showers, as well as one of the most elaborate, was said to be located within a wealthy English manor house built in the early 1800s. Known today as the English Regency Shower, this piece was not only beautiful and ornate in its design, it was also massive in its scale. Measuring in at just over 12 feet high, the unit was unlike anything thing else seen or built during this time period.

The English Regency Shower was made from various metals which were then painted by hand in order to appear as bamboo from a distance. The base of the shower was a large bowl with a built in drain that was then connected to the upper water tank with the metal poles, measuring nearly 10 feet on their own. The unit was created with an integrated pump system that took the water as it drained down the basin and pushed it back to the upper holding tank. The tank would then disperse the water, creating a recycling effect. While it was not the most hygienic means of bathing, it apparently served its purpose well enough.

The bather was given privacy by means of a curtain that was hung on poles surrounding the upper water tank, the forerunner to the modern shower curtain as we know it today. The English Regency Shower was also the unit behind the invention of one of the first shower caps. Unlike modern shower cap designs, this version was a tall cone shaped metal hat the bather would wear to keep his or her hair dry. While bathing practices had become more frequent during this time period, washing the hair was often done with the use of scented oils and herbs, not soap and water.

The Golden Age of Plumbing

The tail end of the 19th century, particularly between 1880 and 1899, has long been considered the dawn of the golden age of plumbing. This was not only one of the first times that plumbing was recognized as its own trade, it was also the first time that plumbers began to be considered skilled tradesmen. In fact, it is only in the last hundred years or so that the plumbing industry has flourished, leading to the creation of multiple trade associations and plumbers’ unions. The National Association of Master Plumbers was founded in 1183 and both the Mechanical Contractors of America and United Associated Plumbers Union were established in 1889.

Some say it was the mastery of the toilet design that led to this prosperous boom that seems to still be going strong. Once the sanitation and odor issues that had long plagued toilet design were eliminated, the concept of indoor plumbing spread faster than anyone could have ever imagined. Also, once manufacturers had perfected their basic designs as best they could for the times, greater emphasis was once again placed on the visual aspects of the plumbing fixtures, as these were now just as important to people as the functional aspects of the devices. Sinks, tubs, and toilets gradually became standard fixtures in nearly every home, followed closely behind by true showers. Coincidentally, the overall public health seemed to improve greatly as well during these times. Many experts often contribute this more to the improvements made in sanitation and hygiene practices that were being made, as opposed to advances being made in the medical sciences.

Modern Plumbing

Today’s plumbers are still considered highly skilled tradesman and still have a wealth of private and public associations and unions which cater to their needs. Becoming a licensed plumber not only requires several years of experience, it can also include various levels of schooling and certifications, as well as the need to successfully pass a series of detailed exams on various aspects of the plumbing industry. Their jobs also entail much more than just the basic bathroom fixtures, such as baths and toilets. Plumbers are now responsible for more modern designs, such as water heaters, swimming pools, residential septic systems, and irrigation systems.

Plumbers can choose to do general contracting work, becoming certified to handle any general plumbing repair or installation needs within the home, or they can opt for a more specialized career in a specific niche market within the industry itself. They can also choose to focus on strictly residential plumbing tasks, or choose to handle larger scale commercial and industrial applications.

Modern Plumbing Tools

In order to perform their job correctly, a plumber must be well equipped with the proper tools. While it is common to have a mini-tool kit specific to plumbing needs around the house, often equipped with a wrench or two, some plumbing tape, and a hand full of washers, the professional plumber’s arsenal of tools is much more extensive.

Wrenches

Fixed Wrench

Plumbing wrenches come in two basic designs, adjustable wrenches and fixed wrenches. As their names imply, fixed wrenches are designed to fit specific sizes of pipes, valves, bolts, etc.

Adjustable Wrench

Adjustable wrenches, on the other hand, can be made to fit a number of various sized items, with each wrench covering a small to moderate range on the overall sizing scale. The most common wrench size for residential applications has a 12” handle.

Stillson Wrench

Stillson wrenches are one of the most common types of wrenches used for rounded surfaces, primarily plumbing pipes. Stillson wrenches tend to be fairly affordable and rely on adjustable steel jaws set into a housing to grip and move the piping. Like general wrenches, Stillson wrenches are commonly found in the 12” variety, however, 18” Stillson wrenches are also quite common.

Pipe Wrench

Pipe wrenches are another type of wrench used for rounded surfaces. Unlike Stillson wrenches, pipe wrenches tend to be slightly more costly, particularly since they are subject to much less potential distortion. They consist of a section of heavy chain which is attached to a steel handle. The chain is placed around the pipe or rounded item that needs to be adjusted and then tightened in place. The notches on the handle, also known as teeth, help to grip the pipe securely, while the pipe is held firm by pressure of the chain. A pipe wrench can also be used on other items, including angled and irregularly shaped pipes. This versatility stems from the fact that the chain can be made to fit and conform to a variety of shapes other than just round pipes.

While Stillson wrenches and pipe wrenches are the two most common types used for plumbing repairs and installations, there are several other varieties of wrenches that a skilled plumber will rely on in his day to day activities.

Plumbing Strap Wrench

When dealing with softer pipe materials, such as plastic, aluminum, or lead, a strap wrench is recommended. A strap wrench works on the same basic principle of the pipe wrench but uses a leather or fabric strap to wrap around the item instead of a chain. Using fabric eliminates the need for the teeth and chain which can cause extensive damage when used on softer materials.

End wrenches are used in smaller areas or where pipes have been mounted in close quarters to one another. Their slim design helps them to better fit into confined spaces and between close set pipes.

Plumbing Nipple Wrench

Nipple wrenches, also known as extractors, are also heavily relied on in smaller work areas. They rely on hex fittings for ease of use.

The hex setting itself is, of course, most commonly found on hex wrenches. The basic design of a hex wrench features an end that is designed to fit a variety of square or multi-sided objects. The hex wrench fits over the item needing to be tightened or loosened, wrapping around it firmly to ensure a proper grip. Because of their snug fit and soft surfaces, hex wrenches are also preferred for more decorative finishes, such as chrome, as they are less likely to scratch the surface as many standard wrenches may.

Seat Wrench

Seat wrenches also feature hex settings and are used specifically for a variety of faucet seating shapes and sizes.

Nut Socket Wrench

With regards to bath and shower repairs and installations, packing nut socket wrenches are a staple in any plumber’s tool kit. These wrenches are typically found in large sets and feature double ended hex settings designed to fit the full range of standard tub and shower faucet stems. The hex settings are crucial as almost all tub and shower faucet stems are made from pliable brass which is too easily damaged by standard wrenches. A damaged faucet stem is also nearly impossible to replace without damaging or taking apart the wall that the faucet stem is mounted into.

Pliers

Another top category of plumbing tools is pliers. Locking pliers, slip joint pliers, and expanding jaw pliers are some of the most common types in use.

Locking Pliers

Locking pliers are often included in the wrench category as their method of operation is very similar. They are fully adjustable and, once in the right position, can be locked down with a firm grip on the pliers handle.

Slip Joint Pliers

Slip joint pliers and expanding jaw pliers, on the hand, are slightly more manual in their operation.

Expanding Jaw Pliers

While slip joint pliers are used to grip down on pipes and fittings, expanding jaw pliers are placed into an opening, such as a sink drain, and expanded outwards to loosen the fitting from within.

Other Pipe Tools

When working with pipes, it is often essential to have a tool to hold the pipe firmly in place. A pipe vise does just that.

Yoke Vises

Yoke vises are designed for pipes ranging from 1/8” in size up to 6” in size and uses two V-shaped grips, one on the top of the pipe and the other on the bottom, to hold the pipe in place.

Chain Vise

A chain vise, on the other hand, is smaller in overall size but can hold pipes between 1/8” and 8” in size. Chain vises rely on the same V-shaped jaw on the bottom portion of the tool, but use a chain laid across the top of the jaw to hold the pipe firmly in place.

Pipe Cutters

Pipe cutters are another essential tool in the plumber’s tool kit. Pipe and tube cutters are not only more efficient than standard saws, they also provide a much more uniform cut. They are typically designed to cut pipes ranging in size from 1/8” to 6” in diameter and use a cutting wheel guided by rollers to make quick and accurate cuts. Tube cutters are used specifically for softer and thinner metals and plastic pipes, while pipe cutters are designed for harder and thicker metals.

Plumbing Reamer

Once the pipe has been cut, the edges are cleaned with a reamer. While standard files are generally used to smoother the semi-rough outer edges of a pipe that has been recently cut, a reamer is designed to smooth the inner edges of the pipe. Because of their cone shaped design, reamers can also be used to widen holes in flat items to help ensure the proper fit of various pipes and fixtures. The deeper into the hole the reamer is pushed, the wider the opening will end up being. Reamers can be found in both manual and electric designs.

Plumbing Pipe Threader

The newly cut and sanded pipe must sometimes need to be threaded as well. Threading is the slightly angled series of lines carved into the outer edge of the pipe or cut into the inner edge. They are designed to help the pipe fit snugly with other components, making it much easier to ensure a water tight seal. The tool used to create the threading on the pipes is naturally called a threader. The pipe is held in place by a vise while the threader work to carve or cut the correct series of lines into or onto the pipe. Like reamers, threaders come in both manual and electric designs.

For both commercial and residential applications, snakes, augers, and plungers are also must have plumbing tools. A plumbing snake is a long piece of flexible coiled wire that can be used to help unclog blocked drains. One end of the snake is forced into the drain and pushed through until it reaches, and breaks through, the material that is causing the blockage. Plumbing snakes can reach upwards of hundreds of feet, designed for both residential and commercial plumbing lines. Augers, on the other hand, are smaller versions of plumbing snakes that are enclosed in a plastic casing for more sanitary use. Since they are smaller in their overall design, they are designed more for sinks and other plumbing fixtures where the blockage tends to be closer to the drain itself.

Common Plumbing Fittings

Plumbing Fittings

One of the most crucial aspects of plumbing involves securing various pipes and components together in a way that prevents leakage. Most pipes must be secured to one another with one of the many types of plumbing fittings available. Each fitting is designed to work for a specific connection and come in a variety of sizes to fit the standard pipe sizes on the market.

Elbow Fittings

One of the most popular types of plumbing fittings is the elbow fitting. As the name implies, an elbow fitting is designed to connect two pipes at either a 45° or 90° angle. The greater the bend in the elbow fitting, the sharper the angle will be. The two ends of the elbow fitting can also be made to accommodate different sizes of pipe, allowing a reduction or increase in pipe size through the connection itself.

Tee Fittings

The tee fitting is also a common sight. This fitting has three openings and is designed primarily to combine two water flows into one or separate a single water flow into two directions. Some tee fittings also have a built in diverter which allows the water flow to be channeled to one side or the other while in use. The same diverter control can also be used to regulate the force of the flow being directed towards the various outputs or inputs.

Plumbing Caps and Plugs

Caps and plugs are also common plumbing fittings. The cap is designed to fit over the end of a pipe, usually through a threading design, while the plug is designed to fit into the pipe. Both are used to seal off the end of a pipe.

Types Of Plumbing Pipes

Aside from the various tools used by modern day plumbers, there are also a number of materials that can be used to make various plumbing pipes from. While some materials are designed for specific applications, others become a matter of personal preference. The three most common materials used to make metal plumbing pipes are copper, stainless steel, and galvanized steel. PVC, CVPC, and PEX, on the other hand, are the three most common choices for plastic plumbing pipes.

Copper

Copper Pipes

At one point, copper was one of the most commonly used materials for plumbing pipes and fittings. Copper is not only easy to work with, it is also very lightweight and can withstand frequent use. Heavily relied on in warmer climates, copper pipes can handle extremely high temperatures and are fairly rust or corrosion resistant. Copper pies are not, however, recommended for areas prone to extremely low temperatures as they are susceptible to splitting in freezing temperatures. Copper piping also requires soldering, making it more labor intensive than some other types of piping. Cutting copper piping requires a high level of accuracy. Because of the high demand for copper over the years, it has also increased in value, making it a great source of income for scrap metal, but also a likely target for theft from construction sites.

Stainless Steel

Stainless Steel Pipes

Stainless steel may not have many suitable plumbing applications, but it does serve its primary one very well. Since stainless steel is more expensive than copper, as well as being much more difficult to work with, it is not commonly found in either residential or commercial plumbing applications. The primary benefit of stainless steel piping, however, is its high level of resistance to corrosion, particularly when it comes to salt water. This characteristic makes it ideal for maritime applications where constant exposure to salt water is a factor.

Galvanized Steel

Galvanized Steel Pipes

Before copper became the metal of choice for residential piping in the early 1960′s, galvanized steel was the main material used to make pipes from. Galvanized steel pipes were particularly preferred due to their ability to resist rust, making them ideal for underground applications where low maintenance was a priority. Galvanized steel piping’s durability was also important when it came to the frequent use of the materials to handle liquid and solid waste removal from homes. While the pipes were extremely rust resistant, they did tend to be prone to other types of corrosion which often lead to pipe blockages. They also frequently had issues with leakage, eventually giving way to copper for the preferred plumbing material for pipe making.

PVC

PVC Pipes

With regards to plastic pipes, polyvinyl chloride, more commonly known as PVC, has long been the material of choice for plumbing line applications. PVC is ideal for moderate climates and can be used in high pressure scenarios. The main problems with PVC lie in the fact that it is prone to freezing, like copper, while also being unable to handle extremely high temperatures, as it can bend out of shape fairly easily when excess water temperatures are reached. In most setups, the PVC piping will be used for cold water applications while a more heat tolerant material, such as copper, will be used for carrying hot water.

CPVC

CPVC Pipes

Chlorine polyvinyl chloride, also known as CPVC, is a PVC alternative that has a slightly higher tolerance for extreme temperatures, both hot and cold. Its formulation increases the temperature of hot water it can accommodate without warping, while also decreasing the temperature of cold water it can be used for without the likelihood of freezing and splitting. The primary downside to CPVC is that it cannot be run underground and must be used only for above ground plumbing applications.

PEX

Plumbing Pex Pipes

In order to take advantage of the cost effectiveness of PVC, while also addressing the main problems its usage created, a variation on polyethylene pipe, commonly referred to as PEX, was introduced on the plumbing market in the 1920s. PEX pipes offer the same hot and cold handling ability as copper at a fraction of the cost. Its flexible nature eliminates the need for multiple joints, reducing the chances of leaking at various connection points. The primary downside to PEX piping is the fact that it is much less attractive than copper, often found in either blue or red styles, and therefore not intended for pipes in open areas where aesthetic appeal is a factor.

Cast Iron

One material no longer in active use today is cast iron. While cast iron plumbing pipes and fittings were extremely durable, their overall weight made them somewhat difficult to work with. When cast iron plumbing lines and fittings are found in older homes, they are typically replaced with PVC. This is due largely to the fact that PVC sections can be fitted into cast iron plumbing lines rather easily when certain repairs to individual sections are needed.

Plumbing Connection Types

Along with various fittings and types of pipe used in the plumbing industry, the types of connections used to join various components together also play a key role. Overall, there are three basic types of connections used to secure various plumbing fixtures, pipes, and fittings together. There are also three additional components used in conjunction with the connections to hold the pipes in place.

Threading

Threading

Threading is one of the simplest connection types used in plumbing. The threading on a pipe can be on either the outside of the pipe or the inside and consists of a number of lines either carved onto or etched into the pipe that are designed to twist onto similarly threaded pipes to create a seal. While threaded pipes are not always completely watertight, items such as plumber’s tape and caulk can often provide the extra sealant needed to prevent leaks.

Coupling

Plumbing Coupling

Coupling is another method used to connect various pipes in plumbing lines. Coupling connections basically slide over each end of a pipe, joining the two pipes together within the coupling device itself. Coupling connections can be used to fit two identical sized pipes together. They can also be found in reducing designs that are intended to connect two different size pipes together. Some styles require additional soldering or welding to hold them firmly in place, while other designs rely on compression to create a firm seal. Compression couplings basically use force placed on each pipe or fixture the coupling is connected to in order to eliminate any potential leaks.

Union

Union

Union connections are very similar in overall design to couplings but are, instead, designed to have a somewhat quick release capability that allows the pipes they are connecting to be easily separated from one another when needed. Unlike traditional couplings, unions do not require the need for additional soldering or welding to hold their pipes in place.

Additional Components

Compression, as mentioned earlier, is a method by which force is used to securely hold connections between pipes in place.

Solvent Welding

Solvent welding is another form, relying on chemical compositions that, when placed in contact with the various pipes and fittings, begin to slowly dissolve the surface they are in contact with. When two pieces of material that have both had solvent applied to them come into contact with one another, the chemicals helps them to essentially chemically weld themselves together, creating a water tight seal at the connection point.

Soldering

Pipe Soldering

Soldering is an alternative method used to reinforce plumbing connections. In place of a chemical material, soft metals are used to hold connections in place. The metal is often wrapped in a coil and placed over the area needing the connection in small portions. A high heat torch is then used to essentially heat the metal to its melting point, allowing it to create a seal at the connection points where it has melted.

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3. Shower Heads: A Definitive Guide

What Are The Benefits of Submersible Pumps?

One of the primary problems with traditional jet pumps for many applications was accommodating for the fact that water or other liquid often needed to be transferred from areas below the level of the pump. The higher the jet pump was from the surface needing to be drained, the harder the pump had to work to suction the area clean. Submersible pumps, on the other hand, are placed into the area needing to be drained, such as an oil well or swimming pool and, in turn push the water up from below, eliminating the risk of pump cavitation. One of the biggest advantages of submersible pumps is that they are not susceptible to pump cavitation which is essentially the pulling of air bubbles into the main lines which, in turn, reduce total pressure and decrease effectiveness of the pump itself.

Common Submersible Pump Uses

One of the most common areas around the home where a submersible pump would be used is in the backyard. Submersible pond pumps, for example are frequently used but rarely seen pieces of machinery. For smaller ponds, a small submersible pond pump can be placed on the bottom of the area to help keep a constant flow of water in the pond, eliminating the chances of stagnation. The pump rests on the bottom of the pond area, slowly pulling water from the pond into itself and, in turn, pushing back up from the top of the unit. This not only eliminates stagnation, as mentioned before, it also discourages many of the ill effects that can result from lack of water movement, such as algae build up or insect attraction. These types of pumps are typically camouflaged to allow them to blend into the bottom of the pond, decreasing the chance of the pump itself becoming an eyesore.

For larger decorative ponds, submersible pond pumps can be used to create a beautiful waterfall effect, yet another way of increasing water flow and eliminating the chances of stagnation. These pumps are cleverly disguised in the rising rocks that will eventually create the waterfall itself. The pump, placed into the portion of the rocks that are resting under water, once again pulls water from the bottom of the pond and forces it upwards. The upward movements lets the water back out at the top of the rick structure, at which point it begins to cascade back down the rocks naturally. These waterfalls not only make for a beautiful focal point, they can also be extremely soothing and relaxing. These pumps can also have commercial uses as well, particularly in large water features used in hotels, business complexes, or a number of other venues.

Like the pond pumps, submersible fountain pumps can also have both residential and commercial applications. These pumps work in a similar manner to the waterfall pumps, however, they tend to release the water with slightly more pressure behind it. A submersible fountain pump is a popular accessory for pools, both small and large. The pump works to pull water from the bottom of the pool, or other water feature, and force it upwards with high pressure, creating beautiful fountain effects. The fountains themselves can often be customized by a number of various water patterns for creating the perfect look. They can also be placed on timers for intermittent use and even illuminated by a series of lights that are built into the fountain device itself. Submersible fountain pumps are also common in larger scale commercial locations, such as lakes. They are also a common sight at many theme parks and water parks around the nation.

Another common use for submersible water pumps involves pools as well, along with basements and other areas of the home. A submersible water pump is what is commonly used in situations that require an area to be drained. This can include times when an in ground swimming pool needs to be emptied for cleaning or refinishing. It can also include cases of home flooding, particularly when basements are involved. Since there is typically such a large different in height between ground level and the bottom of the pool or the floor of the basement, traditional jet pumps do not work in these scenarios. Instead, a submersible water pump is placed in the area needing to be rained and then, in turn, connected to a hose or series of hoses that are run up to ground level and placed in or connected to the area that the water will be collected into. Larger pumps can also be used in similar industrial or commercial applications as well, as nearly any building is subject to flooding at some point. They are also used to drain ponds and even lakes when the occasion deems It necessary.

For a more proactive approach in underground areas, submersible sump pumps can be installed. A submersible sump pump is nothing more than a standard submersible water pump that is designed to be a permanent installation in basements or other underground areas. The submersible sump pump has a built in sensor that can help it detect when water levels reach above an acceptable point at which time the pump will automatically turn on and begin moving the water to an output location. These installations are ideal for those who have frequent flooding issues, primarily because they do not require anyone to be home and manually operate the pump should flooding begin.

The concept of the submersible well pump can have very different uses, each of which work on the same basic principle. For starters, many homes do not pull their water from city or country water supplies and, instead, have their own well which is used to supply the house with water. The wells are typically fairly substantial in size and draw their supplies form other underground water sources, such as aquifer systems and underground water tables. While this water may not always be of the highest quality, it is free for most people as long as they are willing to pay any maintenance costs to keep the well itself in working order. The water is pulled into the house’s plumbing lines by means of submersible well pumps which are housed in the well itself. These pumps rest on the bottom of the well and work to pull water from the bottom of the well and push it up into the home’s plumbing lines, as needed. While repair costs and replacement costs on well pumps may be high, given the nature of their location and accessibility issues, they are built to be extremely durable and able to operate for long periods of time with little to no maintenance at all.

Another common use for submersible well pumps comes from the oil industry. Once an oil well is discovered, it is fitted with a submersible well pump below the oil surface itself, often hundreds of feet below the surface. The pump is the connected to a hose or series of hoses which allow the pump to take the underground oil and pump it upwards to a holding tank or other containment area. As the well surface begins to dry up, the hole is drilled deeper and the well is reinstalled even further below ground level. These submersible well pumps come in a range of sizes, designed to operate on oil wells both small and large.

One of the other common uses for submersible utility pumps involves sewage and waste water applications. A submersible utility pump can not only be used for clearing waste water and sewage collection areas, they can also be used for emergency clean ups when accidental overflow occurs. One of the ideal qualities of a submersible sewage pump is that it is often able to separate solid form liquid wastes. Jet pumps tend to pull in everything around them. Submersible sewage pumps, on the other hand, rest at the base of the area needing to be drained and work to pull in the waste water, frequently able to filter the material enough to leave solid waste behind for separate clean up at a later time. This is typically not only the fastest way to clear sewage areas, it is also one of the most efficient, as cleaning water and solid debris separately tends to be much easier than separating the two from one another after the fact.

Submersible pumps are not only efficient in operation, they are also extremely effective. While their cost may be slightly higher upfront when compared to other types of pumps, they are also designed to require much less maintenance over time and operate for extended periods of time.

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Why Go Tankless?

A typical water heater is comprised of the heating element and a large tank for storing water. The heater cycles on and off periodically to keep the water that is being stored in the tank at a certain temperature, ensuring a supply of hot water when needed. In small spaces, however, the size of the reserve tank is decreased significantly, in turn decreasing the supply of hot water on hand at any given time. While larger homes are able to accommodate water heaters with larger reserve tanks, there are still limitations as to how many hot water utilizing activities can take place concurrently.

A Titan tankless hot water heater, on the other hand, eliminates the water reserve tank and, instead, heats the water as it is needed. While this process takes slightly longer to get the water flow to the desired temperature, the extra moments it may take are typically well worth the fact that, with a Titan tankless hot water heater, you will never run out of hot water again. Tankless systems can also free up a significant amount of space.

Even small standard water heater units have cumbersome tanks that often fill a closet or other out of the way space that could better be utilized for other purposes. If you are switching to a tankless water heater because of space issues to begin with, the extra closet one could free up can be a godsend.

Tankless System Usage Cost Savings

A tankless system works by utilizing its heating element component to heat the flow of water as it passes through to your sink, washing machine, or other device. This not only eliminates the need for housing a cumbersome water tank, it also cuts energy costs. Since the tankless system only has to run when hot water is needed, the energy used by a traditional water heater as it cycles on and off to keep its reserves warm is eliminated completely. You are only using the system to heat the water you need, when you need it. When there are no devices in the home pulling hot water, the system will remain idle, completely eliminating the need for the unit to pull power when not in use.

Tankless System Hardware Cost Savings

Tankless systems are slightly more expensive to install up front, but the cost savings and convenience of an endless supply of hot water are well worth the extra cost to most consumers. Even if you have room to accommodate a full size traditional water heater, a tankless system may still be you best option. Some larger homes, particularly those with more than one story, may also require multiple hot water tank systems to be installed. With a tankless system, one unit is able to heat the water supply for the entire house. Be eliminating the need for multiple standard systems, a Titan tankless hot water heater will pay for itself immediately.

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How Are High Pressure Pumps Rated?

Measured in psi ratings, the amount of pressure a machine can produce is determined by the pounds per square inch that can be created. High pressure pumps, for example, can be found with low psi ratings, designed for various projects around the home in items such as pressure washers. They can also be found with extremely high psi ratings for commercial applications such as oil drilling. Pumps are also rated by the GPM levels they can produce, or gallons of liquid per minute the machine can output.

What Is A Piston Pump?

A piston is essentially a rod that is placed within a cylindrical container or shaft. The rod is typically fit very snugly within the cylinder, creating as airtight a seal as possible. As the piston is pulled out of the cylinder, the negative space left behind works to increase the pressure the device is able to output. In some pump designs, as the piston pulls out of the chamber, it also pulls liquid in behind it to fill the cylinder. Once the piston is forced back into the chamber, the liquid is pushed back out at a much higher speed, creating a grater level of pressure.

Pistons can also be found as a component within a piston and plunger pump. These high pressure devices operate by using a series of pistons to draw in liquid into a section of the pump. Within that section, the liquid is then force out of the unit by a series of plungers, significantly increasing the amount of force the liquid is released with.

What Are Piston Pumps Used For?

While many people only associate the use of pistons with automobile usage, they are, in fact, found in a wide array of applications. The most common example of a high pressure piston pump is a basic pressure washer. Used in both residential and industrial environments, a pressure washer simply pulls water in at a low pressure and forces it back out at a high pressure. Piston pumps can also be used to power car washes, oil rigs, and tunneling equipment used in mining.

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What Is A Hydraulic Pump?

A hydraulic pump is a machine component that utilizes the energy created by fluid movement as a power source. They can be either hydrodynamic or hydrostatic.

With a hydrostatic pump, the displacement effect is considered a positive one. The pump operates by drawing liquid into a section of the pump until the area if full, and then forcing it out the other end. As the liquid is forced out, the open area begins to fill again.

Hydrodynamic pumps can, in turn, be either fixed or variable displacement pumps. A fixed displacement pump is created with a predetermined displacement amount that cannot be adjusted. They are designed for use in specific areas where variability is not necessarily of functional importance. For more general uses, a variable displacement pup can be used. This design allows the user to control how much or how little liquid is displaced during the operating process, thereby controlling the volume and pressure of the flow being expelled.

The primary differentiator among high pressure hydraulic pumps is done on a psi rating scale. The psi rating given to a particular unit indicates the pounds per square inch or pressure the pump is able to produce. Residential applications typically require very low psi ratings while industrial use demands a much higher pressure capability.

Some pumps are designed specifically for clean water or liquid handling only as they are not capable of processing any particulate matter. Others are created especially for environments where the liquid being run through the pump contains a significant amount of sand, debris, or other materials that typically need to be filtered out during the pumping process or, in some cases, allowed to pass through.

What Are High Pressure Hydraulic Pumps Used For?

Hydraulic pumps can be used to power a variety of high pressure devices. For residential use, smaller pumps can be used for light duty pressure washing. In the commercial area, pumps can sometimes be found powering brushless car washes. The industrial sector, however, offers the widest use of high pressure pumps with applications such as offshore oil drilling and mining. Hydraulic pumps act as components for a range of tools including torque machinery, tunneling equipment, and hydraulic presses.

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How Do High Pressure Water Pumps Work?

In its most simple form, a high pressure water pump takes a flow of water, uses an internal motor to add momentum and energy to the water, and then releases it via a nozzle at an extremely increased pressure. The increased pressure is produced through a combination of the internal motor combined with the fact that the water flow into the pump is being released through a much smaller outlet, naturally increasing the force behind it. On larger pumps, the pressure the water is released it can be strong enough to break skin, even on the household models. Household pressure washers typically come equipped with a variety of nozzles that attach to the end of the output hose. These nozzles help the user to control both the pressure of the water as it is released from the pump, with the smaller nozzles creating a higher amount of pressure, as well as the pattern of the water being output. The various shapes of nozzles allow the user to produce a flat stream of water, a more concentrated single jet stream, or a variety of other patterns.

What Are High Pressure Pumps Used For?

The residential uses for high pressure water pumps are almost endless. Many people buy or rent units to clean the outside of their homes on a regular basis. The amount of pressure added to the water flow makes it a much more effective means of cleaning than using a traditional water hose. Likewise, pressure washers can be used to clean driveways and patios or decks as well. While there is little chance using a pressure washer could cause damage to a concrete driveway, caution must still be taken when cleaning a deck or a house. If the pressure is set too high, damage could occur to a wood deck or patio. If there are any areas of the home where paint is chipped, a pressure washer could increase the exposed area. If using a pressure cleaner for home use, always make sure to follow the directions precisely and take the time to familiarize yourself with the manufacturer’s guidelines as well as their recommended uses.

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Transfer High Pressure Pump

A transfer high pressure pump is the most basic of all the types of units. It is simply a device that transfers liquid from one point to another. This can be used for something as simple as cleaning carpet around your house. As the carpet cleaner takes water from the reserve tank and forces it into the carpet at high pressure to aid in cleaning. This can also be used for industrial applications such as a commercial strength pressure washer. These devices take the influx of water and increase the pressure significantly before re-releasing it. The intensity of these machines are often enough to wear away a stucco coating on a building in order to prep it for a renovation, or even remove bark from a tree to get it ready for processing in a lumber mill.

High Pressure Water Trash Pump

Used primarily for commercial applications, a water trash pump is designed to remove water from a particular area as quickly as possible. This demonstrates the high pressure pumps ability to not only take in a low pressure water supply and output a high pressure liquid, it also shows that the use of such a unit can pull in water or other liquids from an area at a much quicker pace because of the pressure being used to expel the water from the pump. These pumps come in handy particularly in flooding situations where removing standing water as quickly as possible is vital to avoid further damage to property.

High Pressure Dredging Pumps & Solid Handling Pumps

Another type of high pressure pump is a dredging pump. Similar to a water trash pump, this unit is designed to remove water from an area that needs to be drained. A dredging pump, however, is unique in the fact that it can handle both fresh water and salt water. It is also designed to be able to move water with up to 25% particulate makeup, including sand and other small particles. This is particularly effective in areas where the water needing to be moved is extremely contaminated with abrasive particles that would otherwise damage a standard water trash pump. Solid handling pumps work in a very similar fashion to dredging pumps, but can handle a slightly higher percentage of particulate matter as well as process larger particles within the water being moved.

High Pressure Ram Pumps

Utilized primarily by the oil industry, ram pumps are designed to aid in the desalinization process that takes place on oil rigs. In order to assist with the process, the ram pump takes in the existing salt water in the ocean and forces deep into the ocean floor. This high pressure movement of salt water into the ocean floor, in turn, forces oil up to the surface where it can be collected. Because of the nature of the work these pumps do, as well as the remote locations they are used at, the ram pumps are designed to be extremely low maintenance, as well as incredibly durable and resistant to corrosion that exposure to salt water could potentially cause.

Other Applications

Various other designs and types of high pressure pumps can be found in numerous locations being used to carry out a variety of tasks. Portable pressure washers are frequently used b homeowners for cleaning their homes and patios. Automatic car washes use a series of high pressure water pumps to add enough pressure to the water flow being sprayed onto your car to help eliminate dirt and debris from the car’s surface. In agriculture, high pressure pumps are frequently used to spread pesticides and fertilizers over large areas of crops. They are also used in sprinkler systems to help spread the water over as large of an area as possible to maximize its efficiency. Nearly anywhere you turn, there is some type or form of a high pressure system being used to make our everyday lives easier.

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How Do Portable Propane Water Heaters Work?

These portable water heaters run off small canisters of propane gas that can be found and purchased at your local camping store or home improvement center.

The propane gas is used to heat water supplied by a storage tank in the unit. The result is hot water in a matter of moments. If you are at a campsite that has a clean water supply, tankless models are also available. These hook directly to the water source in order to pull water from, eliminating the need for a tank that needs filling on a somewhat regular basis. If you have needs for both options at various times, convertible units can also be found that allow you to switch between tankless and tank operation with a few minor adjustments.

Why Would I Need A Portable Propane Water Heater?

One of the primary reasons consumers purchase portable propane water heaters is for camping. Since one of the main luxuries that gets abandoned during a trip in the woods is a hot shower or bath, manufacturers have found a way to let you take it with you. You can purchase separate shower attachment systems that provide all the convenience of a hot shower right in the convenience of nature. The heaters can also be used as a quick source of hot water for cooking or coffee and tea preparation when you find that boiling water over a fire is too time consuming. They are also great for cleaning off pots and plates to avoid the food remnants from attracting unwanted attention from nearby wildlife.

Some people also enjoy portable propane water heaters for large tailgating parties. The units allows tailgaters the convenience of having a hot water supply for food and beverages, just as they are used for camping. They also provide a source of hot water when its time to clean up and get the dishes done, eliminating the need to pack up dirty cooking utensils and cookware in your car or truck.

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Pros Of A Propane Tankless Water Heater

The primary benefit of choosing a tankless water heater is the fact that they consume a significant lower amount of energy than their tank counterparts. In a standard tank water heater, the reserve supply of water that is held in the tank is kept at a fairly high temperature all the time, ready to be used almost as soon as your shower or washing machine begins to pull from it. Because of this, however, the unit is also running on a fairly consistent basis as well in order to keep the water from cooling. A tankless model eliminates the reserve supply and, instead, heats the water as it is needed. This eliminates the need for the heater to be running when not in use, thereby increasing its energy efficiency. Also, as long as the water flow being processed by the heater is substantial enough, a tankless system is able to operate multiple appliances at one time. While this can be done with larger tank systems, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to do with smaller tank heaters.

The other benefit of a tankless system is the reduced amount of space the unit takes up. By eliminating the need for the tank, the largest component of a traditional water heater, the tankless unit is able to fit into a variety of smaller spaces. This is an incredible benefit in small houses or apartments where space is at a minimum.

Cons Of A Propane Tankless Water Heater

The biggest downside to a tankless water heater, of course, is the fact that it is tankless. Since the reserve capability is eliminated, extra time is needed to produce hot water each time you need it. This may only be a matter of an additional minute or so, but the delay makes some people prefer the instant gratification of a tank heater.

Overall, regardless of which type of propane water heater you choose, you will be getting an extremely efficient and environmentally friendly unit, able to keep your showers and bath comfortably hot, your laundry clean, and your dishes sparkling. While there are many benefits to selecting a tankless system, you need to examine your individual situation in order to determine which mode would work best for you.

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What Are Propane Gas Water Heaters?

A propane gas water heater is a device installed in your home that is used to provide hot water for a variety of household needs. Of the two versions of water heater, the model with a tank is the most common.

When the heater has a tank as its primary component, the propane gas being supplied to the water heater is ignited and used to heat a series of burners. These burners, in turn, work to heat the water contained in the tank. Even when not in use, the water in the tank is maintained at a temperature that is high enough to be able to produce a supply of hot water on demand. In essence, the water in the tank is never allowed to cool down completely. Most tanks have some type of circulating pump built into them which keeps the water circulating, helping to maintain a consistent temperature throughout the tank. When you turn on your shower, dishwasher, or washing machine, the hot water is pulled from the tank and routed to the appliance of your choosing. Cold water is then pulled into the tank and heated in the same manner.

In the tankless versions, the method of heating remains essentially the same. Instead of having a supply of hot water waiting, however, the water is heated as it passes over the burner and then delivered to the appliance in operation. The removal of the tank also removes the ability to have a ready supply of hot water on hand. Because of this, water from a tankless heater may take slightly longer to warm up when compared to a tank design.

What Do I Need To Know When Shopping For A Propane Hot Water Heater?

One of the first things to decide when shopping for propane ht water heaters is whether you want a model with or without a tank.

If you are more concerned about energy efficiency than anything else, a tankless version may be your best option. Since the tankless designs aren’t required to maintain the temperature on a reserve supply of hot water, they only need to run while hot water is being directly pulled form them. If you have a tank, the heater will cycle on and off on a regular basis in order to keep the water supply in the tank from cooling down too much. The downside to a tankless model is the wait you may experience when first trying to pull hot water. For example, if you start a hot shower, it may take a few minutes for the water to actually become hot. Once the water reaches a certain temperature, however, it should remain consistently high regardless of how long you need the supply to continue.

On the other hand, if you prefer the convenience of having a supply of hot water on hand at all times, then going with a tank may be your best option. If you still wish to have some level of energy efficiency with a tank model, however, there are a few tips you can follow to help decrease the energy loss. The first thing to do is lower the temperature that the water in the tank is maintained at. While you may not necessarily notice a 5 degree drop in temperature in your shower, the amount of energy needed to maintain the lower temperature in the tank will decrease significantly. Another technique involves insulating the tank with a thick blanket of fiberglass. This added insulation helps the tank maintain the temperature more efficiently, also decreasing the amount of times it needs to cycle on and off to keep the water at the optimum temperature.

The other variable to consider if you choose a water heater with a tank is just how large you want the tank to be. Unlike the tankless models, which can heat water quickly as it passes over the burners, models with a tank can take somewhat longer to get the water to a higher temperature once the reserve in the tank has been used. In other words, a smaller tank also means shorter hot showers and baths. It can also mean that only one appliance is able to pull form the hot water supply at one time. For instance, if you try to take a hot shower at the same time you are washing clothes in hot water, one of the appliances will most likely only be pulling lukewarm water. Larger tanks, however, are much more efficient with regards to the amount of time they can produce consistently hot water. A larger tank also makes it possible to run more than one appliance at the same time, primarily due to the fact that the hot water reserve is large enough to be able to split between multiple needs.

For the most part, any propane hot water heater you choose will be more efficient and cost effective than an electric or natural gas model. Since propane is a clean burning fuel, they are also environmentally friendly. The biggest decision regarding style and size will be determined by a number of factors, including the size of your family, the level of energy efficiency being sought, and the number of appliances that would be potentially pulling from the hot water supply at any given time.

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